Paper Details

Name: Mandeep Kaur & Monica Sachdeva
Country: India

Year: 2026
Volume: Volume No: 13, Issue No: 1, Year: 2026
Page Number: 9-20
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20351647

ABSTRACT
Electronic surveillance technologies have become increasingly prevalent in higher education institutions, yet empirically validated instruments for measuring faculty surveillance perceptions remain limited. This study presents a rigorous psychometric development and validation of the Electronic Surveillance Perception Scale (ESPS), 19-item instrument
measuring faculty perceptions of electronic monitoring in academic environments. Following systematic scale development procedures encompassing a pilot study (n = 130) and main validation study (n = 520), exploratory factor analysis identified a robust four-factor structure: Perceived Surveillance Appropriateness (6 items, α = 0.872), Perceived Invasion of
Privacy (4 items, α = 0.883), Perceived Surveillance Effectiveness (3 items, α = 0.887), and Perceived Task Disruption (6 items, α = 0.905) (Zweig & Webster, 2002; Samaranayake & Gamage, 2012). Confirmatory factor analysis with the main sample (n = 520) validated the hypothesized model with excellent fit indices (χ²/df = 2.695, RMSEA = 0.047, CFI = 0.963, TLI = 0.956) (Brown, 2015; Hu & Bentler, 1999). All factor loadings exceeded 0.50 (range: 0.571–0.970), with composite reliability values ranging from 0.856 to 0.886 (Raykov, 1997).
Average Variance Extracted exceeded 0.50 for all dimensions, and discriminant validity was established with interconstruct correlations ranging from 0.176 to 0.487 (Chin, 1998). The
validated ESPS provides educational researchers and administrators with a theoretically grounded, psychometrically sound instrument for assessing faculty surveillance perceptions in academic workplace environments.

Keywords: electronic surveillance, scale validation, higher education, faculty perceptions, factor analysis, psychometric measurement, workplace monitoring